ELECTRIC CARS : INTRODUCTION: An electric cars is an automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors , using energy stored in recharge batteries . The first practical electric cars were produced in the 1880 s. Electric cars were popular in the late 19th century and early 20th century, until advances in internal combustion engines, electric starters in particular, and mass production of cheaper gasoline vehicles led to a decline in the use of electric batteries. TYPES OF ELECTRIC CARS: There are three main types of electric vehicles E.V, classed by the degree that electricity is used as their energy source. B.E.V, or battery electric vehicles, P.H.E.V of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and H.E.V, or hybrid electric vehicles. Only B.E.V are capable of charging on a level 3, DC fast Battery Electric Vehicles (B.E.V): Battery Electric Vehicles, also called B.E.V, and more frequently called E.V, are fully-electric vehicles with rechar
ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING: INTRODUCTION: Civil engineering is the branch of engineering which deals with the planning ,designing,construction and maintenance of structure like buildings,roads,railways,airport bridges,docks,dams,water supply etc. Civil engineering is the oldest branch of engineering which is growing right from stone age of civilization. Branches of civil engineering: The main branch of civil engineering are as follows : Surveying and Leveling Building planning and construction Advanced Construction Geo-technical Engineering Structural Engineering Structural Engineering Water Resource Engineering Environmental Engineering Town Planning Scope of Civil Engineering: Civil engineering is the broadest and oldest branch of engineering. The main scope of civil engineering is: Planning Designing Estimating and costing Supervising construction Construction management Maintenance of structur